Book Report # 47: Introductory Statistics Part 2.
Begin: 8/15/2024
Finish: 12/12/2024
Title: Introductory Statistics Part 2.
Author: Barbara Illowsky
Susan Dean
De Anza College
Why I choose to read this book:
This book is part 2 of the Statistics Class from Merced College. I had to learn about Statistics to tutor and help students with their assignments and tests. Reading this book helps me learn new subjects and challenge my mind. It helped my analytical and critical thinking skills.
What I learned from this book:
Confidence Intervals:
Confidence Intervals or Interval Estimates, while consist of a range of values instead of just a single value. A confidence interval gives us a much better sense of how good an estimate is. A confidence Interval (CI). Th margin of error or error bound for a population mean (EBM). Increasing the confidence level increase the error bound, making the confidence interval wider. Decreasing the confidence level decreases the error bound, making confidence Interval narrower. Increasing the sample size causes the error bound to decrease, making the confidence interval narrower. Decreasing the sample size causes the error bound to increase, making the confidence interval wider. Single population means can be calculated using normal distribution if the standard deviation of the population is known, otherwise we use the student t distribution. Many survey questions, quantitative rather than quantitative, The population parameter being estimated is a proportion.
Hypothesis Testing With One Sample:
Th phrase reject the Null Hypothesis is the way of saying that the Hypothesis about the world is unlikely to be true, comparing a hypothesis state of the world with the experimental data that we gather is a fundamental strategy of statistical inference. P-value is the probability that an event happen assuming the Null Hypothesis is true. The smaller the p-value, the stronger the evidence against the Null Hypothesis. Three different methods for testing Hypothesis: 1) The p-value method, 2) the critical value method and 3) Confidence Interval. To decide whether to reject or not to reject the Null Hypothesis: 1) alpha > p value, reject the Null Hypothesis, 2) alpha < p value, do not reject the Null Hypothesis. A Type I error occurs when a True Null Hypothesis is rejected. A Type II error occurs when a false Null Hypothesis is not rejected.
Hypothesis Testing With Two Samples:
Two population means when population standard Deviation is known – use student t distribution – 2SAMPTTEST, with known population Standard deviation, use 2SAMPZTEST. Comparing two independent population proportions – use normal distribution – 2PROPZTEST.
The Chi-Square Distribution:
Tool to assess problem categories: 1) whether a data set fits a particular distribution, 2) whether the distribution of two populations are the same, 3) whether two events might be independent and 4) whether there is a different variability than expected within a population.
Linear Regression and Correlation:
Scatter plot gives a visual sense of the relationship between two variables, correlations, which gives a quantitative measure of the strength of the linear relationship. There is a relation between the attribute measured by the first number and the attribute measured by the second number. If they move together, they are correlated. Statistical correlation indicates an association. But does not prove that there is a casual relationship between the two variables. One of the misuses of statistical information is to mistakenly infer cause and effect from correlation.
F Distribution and One-Way ANOVA:
Analysis of variance – ANOVA is a method of testing whether or not the means of three or more populations are equal. The F Distribution, analysis of variance compares the means of a response variable for several groups.
How will this book contribute to my success upon release:
This Statistics book allowed me to understand Statistics and tutor students attending Merced College Mathematics class. This book has improved my analytical and critical thinking thinking skills. This information can be shared with communities which I hope to volunteer my teaching, tutoring and mentoring services.